Discussion of Angel Garma's Article, Group Rivalry Between Analysts and Its Influence on Candidates in Training

Garma has brought to our attention a problem which exists in all psychoanalytic education. His paper is based on what I consider to be extreme examples of a universal problem. There is some exaggeration in his work—a statement of extremes—in order to make a point. I believe this to be justified. Nevertheless, in most analytic groups there is not this degree of polarization; paradoxically this may make the problem even more subtle and difficult for both analyst and analysand.

The structure—and I would add the existential configuration— of psychoanalytic societies and institutes tend to recreate earlier family constellations. Even when this is at a minimum, candidates will strain to see it in such a light and make use of their “conception” for defensive purposes.

Let us look at this condition also from the point of view of the analyst since the problem is as much his as it is the candidates'. Suppose the analyst takes sides, that he feels strongly and completely that his point of view is the only correct one; that anyone who differs from it is “not a real analyst.” This is an attitude that is too frequently held and expressed and would lead to a ready

acceptance of certain orientations and a less careful evaluation of material from the analysand than is called for. Praise or acceptance of the analyst and his ideas is good and realistic; criticism of opposing points of view is seen in the same way. Identification with the analyst and his philosophy is healthy and need not be analyzed. This often leads to slavish repetition, almost by rote, and effectively prevents the development of independent thinking and investigation and the stifling of creativity.

Garma said, correctly, that the analysis of such defenses and attitudes leads to a deeper understanding, but we must be aware that such “realistically” based resistances can be very resistant to analysis (especially if the analyst fundamentally agrees with them) and may leave firmly entrenched blind spots.

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