Both Frank Lachmann and Jeremy Nahum Draw from Infant research and from a dynamic systems sensibility to understand psychoanalytic process. Yet, despite their apparently similar organizations, their responses to the case material differ in several ways, revealing their distinct visions.

Most important, Nahum decries the lack of case material coming from the local level of moment-to-moment intersubjective regulation in implicit form taking place between patient and analyst. Nahum contends that his own perspective demands nonverbal interplay in the clinical material. Lachmann apparently would disagree with this portrayal, as he notes in the case material the strong presence of the implicit procedural form of interaction that Nahum sees as absent, intertwined though it is with the more obviously present explicit verbal modes of interaction.

Further, Lachmann notes the presence of enactment and action of all kinds occurring in the moment as part of a bidirectional interaction of patient