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Although described only one year after Kanner's (1943) classic description of autism, Asperger's account of the condition that now carries his name (Asperger, 1944) has, until recently, received much less attention. Psychoanalytic attention has focused largely on infantile autism. and early work was concerned with the idea that experiential factors might be involved in pathogenesis. During the 1970s, a large body of work questioned this view noting, for example, the strong genetic and brain basis of autism (Volkmar, 2000). Work from other fields began to question some early theoretical notions, e.g., the normative existence of an autistic phase, but important questions that autism raised for understanding early ego development and capacities for self-object differentiation continue to be a concern of some theoretical and clinical interest (Volkmar, 2000). This article provides a summary of Asperger's as a diagnostic concept in terms of the history of the concept, aspects of clinical expression and co-morbidity as well as implications or intervention. The final section of the article focuses on implications that the condition may have for theory and practice.