Additional directions for psychoanalysis are added to the list offered by Dr. Basch. These include the recent studies of the psychology of women, experimental investigations of psychoanalytic propositions, and the empirical infant literature. Some misconceptions of the past are being brushed away so that stereotypical beliefs about women and infants can be challenged as they appear in clinical practice. Furthermore, the empirical infant literature is clarifying both differences and similarities between the mother-infant dyad and the analyst-patient relationship. Analysts informed by these new directions can bring an expanded listening perspective into the therapeutic setting.