Psychoanalysis, training analysis, psychotherapy, and training psychotherapy are defined. The following questions are addressed: (a) How does training analysis differ from ordinary analysis?; (b) Should a different type of training analysis be required for psychotherapy (i.e., psychoanalytic psychotherapy) candidates as contrasted to psychoanalytic candidates?; and (c) What is the effect on the training analysis of recent changes in psychoanalytic theory and technique?

The effects on training analysis of three different clinical stances (ego psychology, object relations, and self psychology) are described. Composite case examples are constructed to illustrate the main themes. The basic position taken is that there is no substitute for a full, thorough training analysis for all psychoanalytic and psychoanalytic psychotherapy candidates. A training psychotherapy is never indicated.