G. Frank's (1996) argument that instinct theory is “an untenable model from which to generate ideas about personality, psychopathology or treatment” (p. 421) and is best replaced by the construct of belief rests on a caricatured representation of Freud's instinct theory. Frank's rendering of instinct theory is bereft of complexity and is based on a selected and tilted reading of Freud. A more balanced reading of Freud, contemporary Freudians, and current views of the interface of psychoanalysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary theory yields different conclusions regarding instinct theory, the dynamic unconscious, unconscious fantasy, and their relations to treatment.