In this article, the principles embodied by chaos and complexity theories are applied to the psychoanalytic enterprise. The patient and the analyst are conceptualized as complex adaptive systems of mental schemas whose interaction creates the complex adaptive system of the analytic dyad. Psychoanalysis is described as a transformational process that takes place within the creation and evolution of the complex adaptive system of the analytic dyad. Transference, countertransference, psychopathology, and the processes of mutative change are explicated in terms of how complex adaptive systems self-organize, develop, and evolve. What emerges from this analysis is a holistic psychoanalytic theory that brings under I set of principles the concepts and techniques that have hitherto been described by a number of conflicting theories.