The relevance of psychoanalysis and its place within its intellectual and cultural surround has been a major issue over the whole of its now more than a century-long history. A very significant aspect of that concern has been the status of psychoanalysis as a theory of the mind, and as a basis for the application of that theory in the conduct of a therapy for the disorders of the mind. This article reviews in depth the long-standing debate about psychoanalysis as a scientific theory, the kind of science that psychoanalysis is—or can be—and the place of research, empirical as well as conceptual (with particular focus upon research into the nature of the therapeutic change process and its desired outcomes), in the incremental growth of that theory and its therapeutic applications in an ever expanding and increasingly secure knowledge base.