Psychoanalysis is experiencing a decreasing presence in predoctoral education. The promotion by the American Psychological Association of so-called “evidence-based treatments” reflects the dominance of technocratic, positivistic epistemology, and cognitive-behavioral symptom-oriented approaches to psychotherapy fashioned in the medical model. In contrast, professional schools of psychology, most awarding the PsyD, are committed to epistemological and theoretical pluralisms more suited to psychoanalysis, essentially a humanistic and critical discipline concerned with human agency and language, not biological mechanisms. Psychoanalysis defines problems in terms of human meanings, rather than quasimedical procedures.