We examine the complex relations among therapeutic alliance, adherence to Supportive-Expressive Therapy (SET), therapist competence, and their in-teractions in predicting change in drug use. Experts rated early therapy sessions of cocaine dependent patients (n = 108) randomized to SET as part of the Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Moderate adherence to SET and competent delivery of SET were separately associated with poorer outcome. Further, strong alliance combined with low levels of SET adherence was associated with a better outcome than moderate or high levels. Moreover, the usage of nonprescribed techniques (i.e., Individual Drug Counseling [IDC]) by SET therapists predicted better outcome in a sub-sample (ft = 36), and SET patients receiving high levels of IDC adherence had less predicted drug use compared with those with high levels of SET techniques. Overall results may suggest that decreasing cocaine use through straightforward drug counseling techniques instead of trying to help patients understand the reasons for their use is a better initial road to recovery.