Psychoanalysis represents a valuable unifying framework for 21st century personality assessment, with the potential to enhance both research and clinical practice. After reviewing recent trends in psychological testing I discuss how psychoanalytic principles can be used to conceptualize and integrate personality assessment data. Research from three domains—the role of projection in shaping Rorschach responses, contrasting patterns of gender differences in self-report and free-response dependency measures, and the use of process dissociation procedures to illuminate test score convergences and divergences—illustrates how psychoanalytic concepts may be combined with ideas and findings from other areas of psychology to offer unique insights regarding assessment-based personality dynamics.