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The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM; PDM Task Force, 2006) is a bold step toward an integrative, science-based, psychologically oriented, in-depth approach to personality assessment. The M Axis of the PDM focuses on mental functioning and contains a wealth of concepts useful for the complicated task of evaluating the range of psychological and personality functioning, both adaptive and maladaptive. This article analyzes the nine capacities of the M Axis in the light of some recent advances in neuropsychoanalytic studies, especially Allan Schore (1994, 2003, 2012) and Daniel Siegel (1999, 2010) as they emphasize the integration of emotional and social development beginning in infancy with neurobiological structures and functions. Bowlby's (1969) attachment theory is the foundation for new interdisciplinary exploration and Schore (2012) points to three main trends: 1) New data from right brain developmental studies; 2) An emphasis on emotion; 3) Models of self-regulation. The M Axis capacities will be analyzed using these three trends as a framework.