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In my highly subjective opinion, there is no research effort in psychoanalysis more important that to understand the transmission of attachment style from parents to their children. This very hypothesis, that an individual's personality derives in large measure from his or her relationships with primary caregivers and is transmitted via caregiver-infant and caregiver-child interactions, is central to psychoanalysis, for without it, there would be no point to a method of psychotherapy that focuses intensively on helping patients to understand and come to terms with painful childhood experiences. This same hypothesis, that caregiver-infant and caregiver-child interactions are causally linked to large segments of adult personality functioning, also distinguishes psychoanalysis from nearly every other approach to the understanding of human psychological functioning, both normal and pathological. To be sure, cognitive-behavioral approaches can claim allegiance to this idea via the concept of reinforcement history, but really only schema therapy (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003), which relies heavily on attachment theory, and dialectical behavior therapy (Crowell, Beauchaine, & Linehan, 2009; Linehan, 1993) make use of this hypothesis with any kind of rigor. Thus, far too often cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on the modification of the cognitive aspects of the cognitive-affective schemas that structure our representational worlds, with minimal emphasis on exploration of the affective components of these schemas and of the early relational contexts in which, according to psychodynamic theory, these schemas develop. Meanwhile, in this neurobiological age, we hear frequently, not only from psychiatric colleagues but from the lay public, that psychological disturbances are just brain diseases or chemical imbalances, never mind extensive research demonstrating the complexity of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors in personality, both normal and abnormal (S