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The research on nonclinical samples reports the effect of a weak sense of identity on the use of psychoactive substances, but there has been no research to date on sense of identity in individuals with substance use disorder. The aim of the study was to test differences in sense of identity (SoI) in male patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD; n = 95) and drug use disorder (DUD; n = 95), and men without substance use disorder (SUD; n = 87). Participants (N = 277) completed the Multidimensional Identity Questionnaire. The AUD and DUD respondents had a significantly weaker SoI than the control group, and the duration of SUD was not a significant predictor of any of the dimensions of identity in both clinical groups. SUD can be to some extent an attempt at self-medication and compensating for identity disturbances. The study confirms the occurrence of identity disruptions in patients with SUD, which have been described by clinicians.