This paper shows some of the complexities of the analytic relationship and processes in psychotherapy by focusing on the concept of countertransference. The development of the related concept of transference is briefly outlined and the history of the concept of countertransference and its place in the practice of psychoanalysis is presented. A clinical example is provided to illustrate some of the complexity of the issues that arise when the countertransference is used as a tool to understand the patient. Attention is drawn to the importance of sustaining the countertransference response until the transference aspects and the patient's unconscious communications have been recognised and understood. It is only at this point that an interpretation meaningful to the patient can be made.