In this paper we discuss the differences that exists between the efficacy and the effectiveness models in psychotherapy research. We argue that randomized-controlled trials have several shortcomings and that they may not be the most appropriate method for evaluating psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Well-designed field studies may provide an informative, relevant and complementary approach to the evaluation of the effectiveness of psychotherapy as delivered in routine clinical practice. An example of a multi-centre effectiveness study is presented.