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Hate and Anal Erotic in the Compulsion Neuroses. Prof. Ernest Jones.
The symbol and the Psychical Conditions of its Formation in Children. Dr. Beaurain.
The Ontogenesis of Symbols. Dr. S. Ferenczi.
Some Remarks on the Doctrine of Tendencies. Dr. Ludwig Jekels.
The Psychology of Child Sexuality. Dr. Viktor Tausk.
Hate and Anal Erotic.—Hate is a near relative of sadism. The origin of hate seems to lie in an earlier, undifferentiated state of unpleasantness, sulking and perhaps anger, in the child when it finds that its wishes are not immediately gratified, and especially if the satisfaction is actively hindered. We can speak of anger only when it starts from a particular person, yet in it alone one cannot find the origin of hate. For the origin of hate it is necessary that there be a lasting affect between the two persons, or at least between the hater and some substitute for the person hated. Thus all affective relations are originally positive and remain so in the unconscious. It can earlier manifest itself in consciousness as love, and here we have the well-known case of love turning to hate. Hate is the expression of unreciprocated, or hindered love. Also regularly associated with hate is a certain amount of fear, not, however, always conscious. We never hate a person who is not in some way, often quite unnoticed, stronger than we are, or in whose power we have some concern. Thus we can get angry with an inferior, a stranger, or one entirely indifferent to us, but to hate, we must have some one in some way superior to us, with whom we often come in touch, and whom we had hoped to love. These conditions are oftenest met with in families, and it is probable that hate, like pity, begins at home.
If now we seek the origin of hate we must turn to the earliest life
of the child. For the child, love, on the part of parents, or others, means the same thing as granting pleasure. The child feels himself loved if anyone obeys his commands, satisfies his desires, o