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The 15th International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Paris, Aug. 1-5, 1938. Dr. Ernest Jones, President in the chair. Dr. Jones made an opening address of welcome and then some 30 or more papers were read, short abstracts of which are as follows:
Lowenstein, L. Masochism and the Theory of instincts. Three forms of masochism were outlined and their structure described. The pleasure principle is found to hold good for these forms. The study of infantile play shows the primitive roots of these masochistic situations and three definite forms of the return of aggression upon the subject can be traced in line with the types or forms of masochism already postulated.
Masochism can be made thoroughly comprehensible without the construction of a primary destructive impulse. The theoretical notion of the death instinct, he believes, does not jibe with the biological energetics from which it is derived.
Allendy, R. Morbid Substitutions and Masochism. The substitution of one form of illness for another is a not infrequent occurrence in psychiatric clinical practice and many such substitutions are on the way toward a healing process. At times the substitution operates between an illness of definite somatic form and one of a mental type. The former is apparently more frequent than the reverse and seems to operate in order to diminish or eliminate anxiety. Even in the average healthy individual an acute emotional-ethical problem may be handled by somatic suffering.
Following such a pattern the masochistic individual may find retreat from his anxiety by the imposition of a bodily suffering. Here is no simple device of the desire to suffer but rather a choice of a lesser evil. Physical or somatic pain or distress can be supported better than anxiety.
Payne, Sylvia M. The Ego Development in the Fetishist. This patient who had made a fetish of the mackintosh on analysis revealed that the psychoneurosis was an Ego defense mechanism which had its origin before the period of primary geni