International Journal of Psycho-Analysis

1. jones, ernest. Evolution and Revolution.

2. schilder, paul. Types of Anxiety Neuroses.

3. winnicott, D. W. The Observation of Infants in a Set Situation.

4. fairbairn, W. R. D. A Revised Psychopathology of the Psychoses and Psychoneuroses.

5. baggally, W. Hedonic Conflict and the Pleasure Principle.

6. bartemeier, leo H. A Counting Compulsion.

1. jones, ernest. Evolution and Revolution.-There can no more be a psychoanalytic philosophy of life or Weltanschaung than there can be a botanical or a chemical philosophy of life. The prevailing muddle into which the social relations of mankind have landed is more than anything else due to ignorance of unconscious forces on the nature of which psychoanalysis is throwing so much light. It is not easy to follow the changes in what is meant by a revolution. The criteria which most readily come to mind in distinguishing a revolutionary from an evolutionary social change are the speed, the scale and importance, and the violence involved. There are political, social and material revolutions, all closely connected. The political type may be most pure but then is more of a replacement than a revolution. Revolutions are usually engineered by an active minority and not even desired by the majority. Some revolutions are only modifications of evolution. Material revolutions in the past have not been accomplished swiftly or by violence, although not entirely dissociated from violence. At its basis however there seem to be similar instinctual activities. The French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917 are the best examples of social revolution and brought with them political and material changes. Social revolutions provoke most bitterness and hatred. The thesis is advanced that revolutionary changes are, with a single exception, evoked by the identical forces that bring about evolutionary ones. What really marks off revolutionary changes in the strict sense from evolutionary ones is the feature of destructivene