Few great figures have been particularly fortunate in their biographers, and heretofore Freud has been no exception in that respect. Those biographies published during his life, or soon after his death, were mostly either products of hero-worshipping disciples, virulent and ignorant opponents (Emil Ludwig) or well-meaning laymen who had little access to the necessary documents, letters, or personal knowledge. Freud in his own writings was more than careful to conceal his personal life, his private feelings, and his opinions. His so-called “Auto-biography” is rather a history of his ideas and the movement he launched. Freud's family, his friends, and his co-workers were nearly as secretive. Therefore, this