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In 1952 the Cornell University Department of Psychiatry initiated a community study relating mental health to environmental factors.1 The community, called “Midtown,” is in a residential area of Manhattan, New York City.
Midtown consists of about 400 city blocks. The population of 170,000 is 99 percent white, and is about equally divided among natives of New York City, American born migrants to New York, and foreign born immigrants, principally German, Irish, Czech, Hungarian, Italian and British. The population density is high, about 140,000 per square mile. There is a wide range of socioeconomic