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In search of the “universal symptom” Kaiser found “duplicity” caused by the “universal conflict” over separateness and individuality and to be cured by “effective psychotherapy” consisted of “being with the patient,” “not withdrawing psychologically” but keeping up “straightforward communication.” “Duplicity” is synonymous with “double bind.” Its discovery is attributed to a figure-ground shift between what the patient says and how he nonverbally communicates about his verbal message. The shift is assumed to be due to gestalt configurations and not to the