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When Aserinsky and Kleitman1 announced in 1953 that they had found a correlation between reported experiences of dreaming and the appearance of bursts of rapid conjugate eye movements during sleep, it was regarded as a momentous methodological breakthrough for the objective, laboratory study of man's elusive and subjective dream life. In order that there might be no question about the significance of the discovery, Dement and Kleitman4 subtitled a 1957 paper on the relation of eye movements to dreaming. “An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming.” Prior to the publication of this paper, Dement and Kleitman3 had observed that rapid eye movements occurred only during a characteristic EEG pattern consisting of fast, low-amplitude brain waves. This pattern was designated Stage 1 sleep. At the same time, three other types of brain waves were discriminated, and were designated Stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Since rapid eye movements did not occur during these stages, they were referred to collectively as non-REM sleep. Wtih the discovery of other physiological concomitants of Stage 1-REM sleep, e.g., variable respiration, blood pressure, and pulse, lowered muscle tonus, and penile erections, enthusiastic metaphysiologists17 began to speak of a “third state of existence” which was neither waking nor sleeping, but dreaming. Hartmann designated it the D state…” ‘state’