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Psychiatric research into criminality can be pursued along several paths.9 One such path, which has been followed by me,10 by Guze, Goodwin, and Crane,7 and by others is primarily concerned with the design of models for collecting and organizing phenomenological data on mental pathology in criminals. One type of model is etiological, developed from current psychoanalytic concepts to account for the behavior of criminal subjects.
This area has been explored by August Aichhorn,1 the Viennese educator and psychoanalyst, who distinguished between delinquents in whom a neurotic process led to criminal behavior and those in whom developmental failures of the ego or superego led to delinquent acts. Alexander and Staub2 used the concepts of unconscious motivation and neurotic guilt to define one category of criminal among the several in their complex typology. Kate Friedlander3 in her classification of delinquents distinguished between antisocial character formation, organic disturbance, and psychotic-ego disturbance in accounting for delinquent behavior. Anna Freud3 distinguished between social maladjustments occurring secondary to ego defects resulting from early disturbances in the mother-child relationship, on the one hand, and maladjustments resulting from unresolved Oedipal conflicts, on the other. Edward Glover6 divided criminality into pathological delinquency, which he suggested resembled neurotic behavior, and criminal psychopathy, in which characterological features predominated.
Most recently Michaels and Stiver,8 using the adult diagnostic