From clinical psychoanalytic work in India and Japan, along with ongoing discussions with Indian and Japanese psychoanalysts and other mental health professionals and social scientists, it is apparent that there is a radically different development, structuralization, and functioning of the self in India, Japan, and America. Different inner psychological development and emotional-cognitive structures are necessary for functioning effectively in Indian group and extended family relationships and Japanese family and group relationships governed by cultural principles of hierarchy, in sharp contrast to those necessary for adapting to relationships based on the more egalitarian-contractual principles of American individualism. The intrapsychic self thus varies significantly according to the sociocultural patterns of societies so