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“Modern psychoanalysis takes its point of departure from the problems left unresolved by Freud and his original associates,” writes Arnold Bernstein in his Foreword to this volume of mostly reprinted articles. He states further that “although the treatment methods described here differ considerably from the orthodox treatment parameters, they follow along a natural continuum from classical psychoanalytic doctrine” (p. vii).
In the early 1960s, as Chief of the Department of Psychology of the Stuyvesant Polyclinic, Bernstein invited Sylvano Arieti, Mortimer Ostow, and Hyman Spotnitz to lecture on clinical approaches to schizophrenia. Prior to this, in 1956, Marie Coleman (later, Marie Coleman Nelson) had published an article on a technique she had developed with Spotnitz, “Externalization of the Toxic Introject: A Treatment Technique for Borderline Cases,” as well as several other publications on the subject. Spotnitz followed up the Polyclinic lectures with courses on modern psychoanalytic treatment techniques.
In addition to the lectures, Bernstein participated with Marie Coleman and others in the Paradigmatic Behavior Study Seminar, which developed specific techniques for addressing patient resistances that were not resolved with the classical method of interpretation. Thus, a technique