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At the end of the 19th century neurologists were committed to cast light on the ability of language which they named as the ‘speech apparatus’ and its pathologies. Freud was one of them. In his monograph On Aphasia which was published in 1891 he argued out the anatomical foundations of the ‘speech apparatus’, the formation of language and its disturbances with a distinct insight. Not only due to Freud's completely detached perspective from the localizationists but also because it contained the grains of his psychoanalytic theory and technique, the monograph has a historical account. It can be claimed that it built the conceptual framework which psychoanalysis would later thrive and laid the foundations for ideas such as the theory of dream interpretation, body ego, primary and secondary processes, symptom formation, and unconscious processes. Taking into consideration that Freud explained concepts like image, object representation, word representation and associations while building a theoretical model of the ‘speech apparatus’, the monograph contains a profound inquiry about how mental representations spring to conscious awareness and later transform into symbols which elicit verbal communication with others. On Aphasia is also believed to have a significant role on the development of the main method of psychoanalysis, the ‘free association’ technique. The aim of this paper is to summarize Freud's ‘speech apparatus’ model and its distinct place in the evolution of psychoanalysis.