Freud's ideas on the roots of trauma have changed through out his theory and following Sandor Ferenczi, today early traumatic relationships and experiences are at the focus of contemporary psychoanalytic thinking. The loss of inner good object at the traumatic moment causes an irreversible rupture between the overwhelming affects and representations and this moment is being repeated by the ego to cope with the nameless dread. The psychoanalyst can help the traumatized person to free her from these repetitive maneuvers that are invented to ease the pain. For collective and mass trauma it is also important to focus on the identification with the aggressor and the survivor's guilt.