Though psychoanalytic activity continued throughout the World War II years in America, and even in England under the wartime conditions of the London Blitz,1 it was either extinguished or was carried on clandestinely in occupied Europe under the Nazis, or became a corrupted and co-opted activity within Nazi Germany and Austria, organized there by an Aryan and pro-Nazi remnant of the original Berlin Psychoanalytical Society as part of the newly created German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy (totally outside the IPA).2 The IPA itself practically ceased to function during these years, though Ernest Jones continued on as president. It was not until after the war that plans were made to reinitiate international IPA activities, including resuming the congresses. This would of course again raise the issue of the American relationship to the International, and Ernest Jones, as IPA president, together with Anna Freud and other colleagues from the British