This classic, highly condensed paper about the conditions that are necessary for Klein's “splitting and idealization” to take place, was read to the 25^th International Psychoanalytic Congress in Copenhagen in 1967 and has been extremely influential, especially regarding the understanding of two-dimensional features of personality structure. According to Shirley Hoxter, Bick intended it “as a preliminary communication only but she was never contented with attempts to expand it in later writings.” (Hoxter 1988, p. 103)