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= D.: Thanatos.–Es.: Tánatos.–Fr.: Thanatos.–I.: Thanatos.–P.: Tânatos.
Greek term (= Death) sometimes used by analogy with ‘’ to designate the death instincts; its use underscores the fundamental nature of the instinctual dualism by lending it a quasi-mythical sense.
This name is not to be found in Freud's writings, but according to Jones he occasionally used it in conversation. Seemingly Federn introduced it into the psycho-analytical literature 1.
As we know, Freud employed the term ‘’* in the context of his theory of the life* and death* instincts. He appeals to metaphysics and Classical mythology in order to embody his psychological and biological speculations in a dualistic conception of broader scope. The chief references here are Chapter VI of Beyond the (1920g) 2 and the seventh section of ‘Analysis Terminable and Interminable’ (1937c), where Freud identifies his own theory with the antithesis set up by Empedocles between ϕιλí (love) and νεχoζ (discord): ‘The two fundamental principles of Empedocles–ϕιλα and νεχoζ–are, both in name and function, the same as our own two primal instincts, and destructiveness’ 3.
The use of the term ‘’ serves to emphasise the status of universal principles achieved by the two great classes of instincts in the final Freudian theory.
= D.: Sachvorstellung (or Dingvorstellung)/Wortvorstellung.–Es.: representación de cosa/representación de palabra.–Fr.: représentation de chose/représentatión de mot.–I.: rappresentazione di cosa/rappresentazione di parola.–P.: representação de coisa/representação de palavra.
Terms used by Freud in his metapsychological works in order to distinguish between two types of ‘’–between the (essentially visual) type which is derived from things and the (essentially auditory) one derived from words. This distinction has metap