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| Preface | xi | |
| Acknowledgments | xvii | |
| Part I: Security, Anxiety, and Distress | ||
| 1 | Prototypes of Human Sorrow | 3 |
| Responses of Young Children to Separation from Mother | 3 | |
| Conditions Leading to Intense Responses | 6 | |
| Conditions Mitigating the Intensity of Responses | 16 | |
| Presence or Absence of Mother Figure: A Key Variable | 22 | |
| 2 | The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology | 25 |
| Problem and Perspective | 25 | |
| Separation Anxiety and other Forms of Anxiety | 30 | |
| A Challenge for Theory | 30 | |
| 3 | Behaviour with and without Mother: Humans | 33 |
| Naturalistic Observations | 33 | |
| Experimental Studies | 39 | |
| Ontogeny of Responses to Separation | 52 | |
| 4 | Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-Human Primates | 57 |
| Naturalistic Observations | 57 | |
| Early Experimental Studies | 60 | |
| Further Studies by Hinde and Spencer-Booth | 69 | |
| Part II: An Ethological Approach to Human Fear | ||
| 5 | Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear | 77 |
| Anxiety Allied to Fear | 77 | |
| Models of Motivation and Their Effects on Theory | 79 | |
| Puzzling Phobia or Natural Fear | 83 | |
| 6 | Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear | 87 |
| An Empirical Approach | 87 | |
| Withdrawal Behaviour and Attachment Behaviour | 89 | |
| Feeling Afraid and its Variants: Feeling Alarmed and Feeling Anxious | 92 | |
| Fear-Arousing Situations: The First Year |
| 99 |
| Fear-Arousing Situations: The Second and Later Years | 105 |
| Compound Situations | 118 |
| Fear Behaviour and the Development of Attachment | 119 |
| 8 | Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals | 124 |
| Natural Clues to Potential Danger | 124 |
| Fear Behaviour of Non-Human Primates | 127 |
| Compound Situations | 134 |
| Fear, Attack, and Exploration | 136 |
| 9 | Natural Clues to Danger and Safety | 138 |
| Better Safe Than Sorry | 138 |
| Potential Danger of Being Alone | 142 |
| Potential Safety of Familiar Companions and Environment | 146 |
| Maintaining a Stable Relationship with the Familiar Environment: A Form of Homeostasis | 148 |
| 10 | Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger | 151 |
| Clues of Three Kinds | 151 |
| Real Danger: Difficulties of Assessment | 153 |
| ‘Imaginary’ Dangers | 156 |
| Cultural Clues Learnt from Others | 158 |
| Continuing Role of the Natural Clues | 1 |