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THE TWIN STUDY METHOD HAS PROVIDED PSYCHOANALYTIC INVEStigators with opportunities for clarifying biological and environmental influences on child development (Joseph, 1975); (Panel, 1961). Direct observation, longitudinal study, reports of parents and other caregivers, systematic testing, and psychoanalytic therapy have been used by analysts, following the lead of Dorothy Burlingham (1945), (1946), (1949), (1952), (1963), to advance psychoanalytic understanding of individuation, identification, self image, identity, and psychopathology. While psychoanalysis places environmental factors in the foreground of study, Burlingham demonstrated how familial and other social influences could be studied in interaction with differences in endowment, drive, early physical characteristics, and health during the emergence of personality or character. In this way, she